2020高三英语高考备考资料:高中英语构词法大全

高中英语构词法大全（含单词示例）

英语中的构词法主要有三种，即转化法、合成法和派生法。

一. 转化法

在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。

1. 动词转化为名词

●Let me have a?try.?

让我试试。

●They are only allowed to sell soft?drinks?at school.

在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。

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2. 名词转化为动词

●He?shouldered?his way through the crowd.

他用肩膀推开人群前进。

●The smell from the kitchen made his mouth?water.

从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。

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3. 形容词转化为动词

●We will try our best to?better?our living conditions.

我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。

●They tried to?perfect?the working conditions.

他们努力改善工作条件。

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4. 形容词转化为名词

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●He didn’t know the difference between?right?and?wrong.

他不辨是非。

●The?old?in our village are living a happy life.

我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。

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5. 形容词转化为副词

●How?long?have you lived there?

你在那儿住多久了？

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6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词

●Warm clothes are a?must?in the mountains.

穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。

●Life is full of?ups?and?downs.

人生有得意时也有失意时。

●His argument contains too many?ifs?and?buts.

他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。

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二. 合成法

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由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词。合成词一般看其词，知其意。

1. 合成名词

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●名词/代词+名词 ??newspaper ?blood-test ?she-wolf

●动词+名词 ??typewriter ?pickpocket ?daybreak

●形容词+名词 ??greenhouse ?highway ?

●副词+名词 ??overcoat ?outside

●名词+v.-ing/v.-ing +名词 ??handwriting ?reading-room ?freezing-point?

●动词+副词/ 副词+ 动词 ??breakthrough ?get-together ?outbreak ?outcome

●名词+介词+名词 ??sister-in-law ? editor-in-chief?

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2. 合成形容词

●名词+形容词/形容词+名词 ??world-famous ?duty-free ?large-scale ?long- term

●副词+形容词 ??over-anxious ?evergreen

●名词+过去分词 ?man-made ?sun-burnt

●名词+现在分词 ?peace-loving ?English-speaking

●形容词+现在分词 ?good-looking ?easy-going?

●副词+过去分词 ?well-informed ?widespread

●副词+现在分词 ?hardworking ? far-reaching

●形容词+名词+ed ?warm-hearted ?absent-minded

●数词+名词+ed ?three-legged ?ten-storied

●数词+名词 ?one-way ?five–star

●数词+名词+形容词 ?ten-year-old ?800-meter-long

●名词+to+名词 ?face –to-face ?door - to -door ?

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3. 合成动词

●名词+动词 ?baby-sit ?sleepwalk?

●副词+动词 ?outnumber ?underestimate ?overwork

●形容词+动词 ?whitewash

4. 合成副词

●形容词＋名词 ?meanwhile ?anyway

●形容词＋副词 ?everywhere ?anyhow

●副词＋副词 ?however

●介词＋名词 ?beforehand ?overhead

●介词＋副词 ?forever?

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5. 合成代词

●代词宾格＋self/selves ?herself ?themselves

●物主代词＋self/selves ?myself ?yourselves?

●形容词＋名词 ?anything ?nothing

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6. 合成介词

●副词＋名词 ?inside ?outside

●介词＋副词 ?without ?within

●副词＋介词 ?into

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三. 派生法

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由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。

1. 前缀

除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。

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（1）表示否定意义的前缀

●un- ?unhappy ?unfinished ? undress

●dis- ?disagree ?disbelieve

●in- [il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前)] ?inaccurate ?illegal ?impolite ?imbalance ?irregular

●mis- ?misbehave ?mislead ?mistake

●non- ?nonstop ?nonsmoker

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（2）表示其他意义的前缀

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●en- ?“使……”enrich ?enlarge ?encourage

●inter- ?“相互”international ?intercontinental

●re- ?“再，又，重”rethink ?retell ?recycle

●tele- ?“远程的”telescope ?telephone ?telegraph

●auto- ?“自动的”automatic ?automobile

●co- ?“共同”coworker ?cooperate coexist

●anti- ?“反对，抵抗”antiwar ?antifreeze ?antinuclear

●multi- ?“多”multistory multicultural ?multicolor

●bi- ?“双，二”bicycle bilingual ?bilateral

●micro- ?“极小的，微小的”microwave ?microcomputer

●over- ?“太多，过分”overwork ?overdo ?overestimate

●self- ?“自己，本身”self-centered self-confident ?self-control

●under- ?“在……下面，……下的，不足的”underline, underground, ?underestimate, underrate

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2. 后缀

（1）形容词后缀

●-able ?“可……的，具有……的”acceptable ?drinkable ?knowledgeable ?reasonable?

●-al ?“与……有关的”physical, magical, political

●-an ?“属于某地方的人”American ?African?

●-ern ?“方向”southern, northern, eastern

●-ful/ less ?“（没）有……的”helpful, useful, ?homeless, hopeless

●-ish ?“如……的；有……特征的”foolish ?childish ?selfish

●-ive ?“有……倾向的”active ?attractive ?expensive

●-en ?“由……制成的”golden ?wooden ?woolen

●-ous ?“有（性质）的”famous, dangerous, poisonous

●-ly ?“有……性质的”friendly ?yearly ?daily

●-y ?“构成形容词”noisy ?dusty ?cloudy

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（2）名词后缀

●-er / or ?“表人或用具”?farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container

●-ese ?“某国（人）的”Chinese, Japanese

●-ian ?“某国、某地人；精通……的人”musician, Asian, Russian, technician

●-ist ?“某种主义或职业者”physicist, scientist, communist，socialist

●-ess ?“表女性，雌性”hostess, actress, princess

●-ment ?“行为或其状态”government, movement, achievement

●-ness ?“性质，状态”illness, sadness, carelessness

●-tion ?“动作，过程，结果”invention, organization, translation

●-ance/ ence ?“抽象；行为、性质、状态”importance, appearance, absence, existence

●-th ?“性质、情况” ?depth, warmth, truth?

●-ful ?“（满的）量”handful, spoonful, mouthful

●-(a)bility ?“抽象、性质、状态”possibility, disability, reliability

●-al ?“过程、状态”survival, arrival, approval

●-y ?“性质、情况”modesty, delivery, honesty

●-dom ?“处于……状态；性质”freedom, boredom

●-age ?“状态，行为，身份及其结果”courage, storage, marriage

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（3）动词后缀

●-fy / ify ?“使得；变得”?simplify, beautify, purify

●-en ?“使成为；变得”?shorten, deepen, sadden

●-ize ?“使成为”?apologize, realize, specialize

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（4）副词后缀

●-ly ?“方式，程度”?freely, truly, angrily

●-ward(s) ?“向……”?towards, forward, upwards

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（5）数词后缀

●-teen ?“十几” ?fourteen, eighteen, thirteen

●-ty ?“整十位数” ?forty, fifty, sixty

●-th ?“序数词” ?twelfth, twentieth

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